SICILY. Gela. Circa 490/85-480/75 BC. Didrachm (Silver, 23 mm, 8.84 g, 8 h). Nude bearded warrior riding horse to right, brandishing spear with his right hand and holding reins in his left. Rev. ΣAΛƎϽ Forepart of the river-god Gelas, in the form of a man-headed bull, to right; all within shallow round incuse. BMC 16 (same reverse die). BMFA 243. Hunterian 9 (same dies). Jenkins, Gela, 44.2 (this coin, O13'/R19). SNG ANS 7 (same dies). Beautifully toned and with a wonderful reverse. The obverse struck from the usual somewhat worn die, otherwise, about extremely fine.


The nude warrior on horseback on the earliest coinage of Gela refers to the importance of the aristocratic cavalry in Sicily: unlike the mountainous Greek motherland, the south and east of the island formed ideal pastures for horses, and cavalry hence played a much more important role in warfare. This brought along significant political consequences, as the breeding of warhorses was expensive and thus in the hands of an elite class of landowners that dominated the Sicilian cities - differing, quite significantly, from the Greek mainland, where hoplite warfare was a major factor in the evolution of the Spartan state in the Archaic time and the rise of the Athenian democracy in the late 6th and 5th centuries.

In late Archaic Gela in particular, the aristocratic cavalry shaped the political landscape, as the tyrant Hippokrates (whose name literally means 'horse power'!) conquered considerable parts of eastern Sicily with a force of horsemen in 505-491 BC. He was succeeded by his senior cavalry officer Gelon, who, after the conquest of Syracuse, became the dominant political figure in Magna Graecia and gained immortal fame for repelling the great Carthaginian attack on the western Greeks in 480 BC.